Cutaneous Drug Eruptions
Cutaneous drug eruptions cover a spectrum of diseases and clinical signs. They can vary markedly in clinical appearance and pathophysiology – the functional change that accompanies the disease. It is likely that many mild drug reactions go unnoticed or unreported; thus, incidence rates for specific drugs are unknown and most of the facts available on drug-specific reactions have been extrapolated from reports in the human literature.
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
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Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin and Digits in Dogs
Melanocytic tumors are benign or cancerous growths, arising from melanocytes (pigment-producing skin cells) and melanoblasts (melanin-producing cells that develop or mature into melanocytes). These tumors do not seem to have a genetic basis; however, males, especially Scottish Terriers, Boston Terriers, Airedale Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Boxers, English Springer Spaniels, Irish Setters, Irish Terriers, Chow Chows, Chihuahuas, Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers, seem to have a predilection to the condition. Dogs 10 years or older are also more prone to melanocytic tumors.
- Causes
- Symptoms and Types
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
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Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs
The bones of the spine are called vertebrae. Between the vertebrae are cushions called intervertebral (between two vertebrae) discs. These discs have two parts: the inner part has a soft, jelly-like consistency and acts as a shock absorber, protecting the vertebrae from rubbing together when a dog is moving and jumping; and an outer, firmer part, which helps the disc to hold its shape and protects the vertebrae from touching each other during activity. The discs themselves are held in place by ligaments that connect the vertebrae to each other and prevent the disc from entering the spinal canal, where the spinal cord is found. When a disc is damaged, it is referred to as intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). A dog that is affected with IVDD will have parts of the disc bulging out of their normal space and pressing on the spinal cord. Depending on where the damaged disc is, this pressure on the spinal cord can cause weakness or loss of feeling. The back legs, or all four legs may be affected. The most common location for a damaged disc is in the area of the spine where the chest meets the belly (thoracolumbar spine).
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
- Prevention
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Sneezing refers to the normal behavior of expelling air to remove matter through the nasal cavity. Reverse sneezing refers to the reflex of bringing air into the body to remove irritants in the upper area that lies behind the nose. Dogs may gag to remove irritants from the larynx; this is commonly misinterpreted as vomiting.
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
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Atlantoaxial Instability
Atlantoaxial instability results from a malformation in the first two vertebrae in the neck of an animal. This causes the spinal cord to compress and results in pain or even debilitation for the pet. The disorder is uncommon in older dogs and larger breeds of dogs. It is generally found in smaller, toy breeds. To ensure the best possible chance for a full recovery, it is important to treat the animal once an occurrence or sign of distress is observed.
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
- Prevention
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Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs
Degenerative myelopathy is the general medical term that refers to the disease of the dog’s spinal cord or bone marrow. The condition does not have specific cause and may remain unidentified. While the disease can affect any breed and any age of dog, older animals are most often afflicted with the disease. Prognosis of this disease is not positive, as it is the degeneration of the animal’s spinal cord, leading to loss of numerous bodily functions.
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
- Prevention
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Fibrocartilaginous Embolic Myelopathy in Dogs
Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy is a disorder of the spinal cord and nervous system. The term fibrocartilage is used to describe body tissue that is a combination of fibrous tissue, cartilaginous tissue and bundles of collagen fibers. In the spine, fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral discs; the combination of these materials attributes to both the elasticity and stoutness of the spine. Any piece of material that blocks the blood vessel is called an emboli, and myelopathy denotes any disorder of the spinal cord.
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
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Spondylosis Deformans
Spondylosis deformans is a degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the spinal column characterized by the production of bone spurs along the bottom, sides, and upper aspects of the vertebrae of the spine. Spurs of the bone are simply projected growths of bone, usually grown in response to aging, or injury.
In dogs, spondylosis deformans occurs most often along the spine, in the area behind the chest, and on the upper section of the vertebrae of the lower back. Older, large-breed dogs are at highest risk for developing spondylosis deformans. In cats it tends to occur more often in the vertebrae of the chest.
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
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There are numerous reasons for why pet owners would like to prevent pregnancy in their pets. It is a common concern, and there are ways to perform a safe pregnancy termination if your dog has become pregnant. If you are considering ending a pregnancy in your dog, it is recommended that you first seek the advice and assistance of a medical professional, so that a full risk and side effects evaluation can be done.
- Symptoms and Types
- Diagnosis and Tests
- Treatment and Care
- Living and Management
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Metastatic Tumor of the Nosepad in Dogs
The epithelium is the cellular covering of all of the internal and external surfaces of the body, protecting the organs, inner cavities and outer surfaces of the body in a continuous layer of multi-layered tissue. The squamous epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of the outer layer of flat, scale-like cells, which are called squamous cells.
- Symptoms and Types
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Living and Management
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